Eco extension to Protected Cottage, Dublin

The clients Ruth MacMahon and Keith Murphy approached Solearth in 2005 for a consultation on their turn- of- the- (19^th)century cottage in Rathfarnham Co Dublin. We discussed the context of the building, their lifestyle and the kinds of houses and spaces they liked and tested each others eco ambitions and expectations. The consultation turn into a full appointment to transform the existing building into a bright energy proofed and healthful family house. Importantly the clients didn’t feel that the main cottage itself should receive much attention as it had been recently upgraded and urged us to concentrate on the design of the extension. Our goal as architects then was (as it usually is) to uncover the untapped potential of the site and brief by (ecology lead) design explorations. More specifically we wanted to create a new element that contrasted with the old in terms of scale of spaces, orientation / solar access, connection to the garden and healthfulness.

Early design research showed that the existing building, dating from 1903 (approximately), was deemed a protected structure due to it forming part of an enclave of semi detached workers cottages. Essentially 2 room cottages (with returns and outbuildings to the rear accommodating kitchens outhouses etc), the buildings are of an intimate scale with simple attractive external details to the street side.

The current cottage was at street level but a slope in the garden to the rear seemed to allow the possibility of making the extension be  a 2 storey element. However consultation with the local authority (as part of the pre planning process) threw up 2 interesting constraints on this emerging design. The conservation section requested that the height of the extension not be above the ridge height of the existing cottage, while an existing shared sewer running under the garden (ie under the extension) lead the drainage section to impose this as a lower limit for the buildings sub-structure. Essentially there was 5.6m height in which to build.

The design that evolved zoned the existing cottage as a ‘night/winter’ zone- snug, heavy and relatively dark,  leaving the new extension to be made of more bright, larger scaled spaces with a layered relationship to the garden. Importantly the extension could  stand at right angles to the east-west cottage and achieve perfect solar orientation.  A single storey link connects the two together while providing the visual differentiation between old and new (a pre-requisite of adding to protected structures anyway). The link accommodates a generous entrance hall now at the centre of the house and thus minimising space lost to circulation.

Thus the extension could incorporate the necessary features of passive solar design; smaller windows and service zones to the north, larger openings and habitable spaces to the south, super insulation etc.

The form was to be simple, working with the minimum ratio of exposed envelope to useable space inside while - hopefully - making a design virtue of this necessity. At Solearth we try to first replace sustainable (servicing) technologies with the building space and fabric or secondly, if we must rely on technology,  to integrate them into the form of the building. The roof form here does this; to the north it’s a curve (inhabited so as to maximize usability within the height constraints set by planners), while to the south it slopes toward the sun to allow incorporation of the solar thermal system at the optimum angle.

The building is super-insulated with the main envelope elements having U values of 0.19W/mk. This is achieved strictly with natural insulants affording more breathability- a benefit to both the timber structure and the occupants), and lessening the embodied energy of the building overall. The walls are made of 150mm main studs with sheepswool insulation between, onto which the dynamic vapour check is applied and an additional insulation layer added. This in turn protects the membrane, provides a space inside it for first fix electrics and plumbing (again to protect the integrity of the airtightness layer) and adds to the insulation performance of the wall.

Internally the walls are finished in plasterboard while externally timber cladding (to the south) and lime render to the north elevation and street (a planning stipulation) above a ventilated cavity form the outer skin.

The devil of construction is of course in the detail and there were many on this project that needed thought and thoroughness.

Our engineers Casey O Rourke designed the timber frame which, despite having large corner windows at ground level, has only one steel element in it- quite a feat. They also solved the thorny conundrum of how to keep the shared sewer (now under the building) working and stable. Part of the extension was below ground level and requiring tanking also.

The planning stipulated that the new building join the old below eaves level (on the protected cottage) which would have lead to a height of 2 metres so a stepped beam had to be employed, low at the eaves and immediately stepping up to a more acceptable ceiling height across the link.  An inner layer of insulation was added where the rising walls, serving as semi basement, were in solid construction leading to the development of a wainscoting detail to the interior. 

The limitations in the height of the main day room ease once past the existing sewer where a split in the level increases the volume of the living room adjacent to garden. This split level leads to the development of two bespoke elements; a moveable stair that allows flexibility in use of the space and a storage unit running the width of the room and under the upper level.

In terms of services, a zero carbon heating system and solar thermal system were to be installed. Previous experience had lead us to be wary (on domestic scale projects where typically a mechanical and electrical consultant isn’t involved) about the successful integration of different ecological systems together. Typical experience for eco architects is that the solar thermal system may be fine but not speak to the heating system or the biomass or heat pump heat source may not link to a pre existing radiator system etc. Each part may be fine but they may not operate as one whole leading to a loss of effectiveness. On this project we selected Micheal Meehan of Ecosave to design both the sustainable technologies, the less challenging underfloor heating system and the conventional domestic plumbing arrangement as well, crucially, as the signals and communications between them. This was complicated by the clients understandable preference to maintain the existing gas boiler as a back up to the new biomass heating system being installed but it meant we had a single point of reference for queries and it worked out well.

A new in-room biomass stove (13kw from Palazetti) is the focus of the living room and supplies water to the underfloor heating system as well as heating the largest space in the house directly.

A small solar thermal system from Thermomax links to the domestic hot water system via a large (300 litre) calorifier (also heated by the biomass boiler).

Significant effort went into trying to create a pellet storage and conveying system that worked with bulk buying, suited the dimensions of the design and supported the lifestyle of the occupants. Off the shelf storage systems from Daronti were considered for storage but in the end a 4 tonne sealed but breatheable pellet bin from Biobin Ltd was selected and a timber cladding wrapped around it to blend it into the aesthetics of the house. In terms of conveying of pellets, we as architects sought a system that delivered the pellets from the storage bin to the location at stove (minimizing labour). Customized augers and even vacuum system conveying devices were explored but for various reasons (including costs) discarded. In the end the client proved quite willing to manually load the pellets – keeping it as the saying goes- as simple as possible but no simpler !

Other aspects of the construction were interesting also. The timber frame was chosen for its renewablity, low embodied energy and speed of erection.  This would normally lead to a lightweight underfloor heating system. This was not our preference and we instead employed  a metal deck and lightweight screed system called Easy Screed allowing for a more thermally massive emitting surface.

Windows and doors were specified as being from temperate softwood FSC of course). Brian O Brien had previously used cedar on his own house and  Hillcrest joinery sourced the same wood and made the windows and doors in their joinery.

Insulation as mentioned was of natural origin (sheepswool) with the secondary insulation (to the inner services cavity) being wood fibre Holzflex. These and the Intello dynamic (to allow back diffusion in summer) airtightness / vapour control, layer were supplied by Ecological Building Systems.  In our new Emerald Project (now under construction) we will supplement this approach with an extra anti cold bridge wrap of Gutex insulation outside the studs. 

Our approach to the external envelope is consistent with ecological precepts. The walls here are clad in (again) cedar heartwood – untreated - to the south and west. To the north and east, they are finished in a lime render laid onto Heraklith wood wool boards, a detail we’ve employed in the Daintree Building and elsewhere. The roof cladding follows our principle of –where necessary-using a small amount of a high embodied energy material (copper) to protect a large amount of a lower embodied energy material (the timber frame and cedar cladding). Critically copper is one of the few materials that, due to its value, attractiveness and the fact that it is mostly used on the outer surface of a building is salvaged and reused over and over again. 

All finishes and protective coatings were organic (paints from Auro) supplied by Healthbuild Consultancy in Leitrim through Klee Paper in Dublin. To avoid the use of tropical hardwood (an absolute no-no in Solearth,  FSC or no) we chose to specify a composite ‘new’ material called Earthwood. It’s a blend of chipped plastic (HDPE) wood dust from sawmills and benign polymer binders.

In the end much credit goes to the builder Martin Sherwin of Donaghmede (087 2585900) for creating a beautiful green home on a tough site under a demanding architect !